神仙姐姐劉亦菲
省略在口語中運用是比比皆是，說明省略對于口語或聽力考試是多么的重要；特別注意省略還是英語表達和寫作的一大比較高級的技巧，使文章簡潔生動，神韻自然；如果相沖985或211大學，必須盡可能掌握好以下關于省略的一些知識點:
可省略的成分
省略大致可歸納為功能詞的省略和語法結構上的省略兩種。在很多情況下，這兩種省略存在著交叉的關系，即有時既是功能詞的省略，同時又是語法結構上的省略。
A． 功能詞的省略
功能詞指的是沒有完整意義，但有語法意義的詞，如冠詞、介詞、助動詞等。英語句子結構的簡潔，首先表現在功能詞的省略上。
1．冠詞的省略
They elected John (the) monitor of the class. 他們選約翰當班長。
A man and (a) woman are talking in the office. 辦公室一男一女正在談話。
He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television. 他不明白為什么從屋子里一點響聲也沒傳出來，甚至連收音機和電視機的聲音也沒有。
提示：
在英語新聞標題、告示中，經常省略冠詞。
Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class 中國國家主席強調工人階級作用 （新聞標題=The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class）
People Rebuild Homes After Flood 洪水退后人民重建家園（新聞標題=The People Rebuild Their Homes After the Flood）
DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION 汽車在行駛時請勿和司機講話。（告示=Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion）
2．代詞的省略
I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour. 我去了市場，買了點有用的東西，一小時之內就回來了。
They didn't like it, yet (they) said nothing. 他們并不喜歡它，可是什么話也沒說。
(It) Doesn't matter. 這不礙事。
(You) Had a good time, didn't you 玩得開心，是吧？
I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one). 我喜歡你的兩只小瓶子，但我不喜歡最小的那一只。
3．連詞的省略
We are delighted (that) you can come. 你能來，我們很高興。
I believe (that) you will succeed．我相信你們會成功的。
It's a pity (that) he's leaving. 他要走，真遺憾。
4．關系詞的省略
I'll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都給你。
He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看過我昨天買的書了。
It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他進來的。
It happened on the day (when) we first met. 這發生在我們初次見面的那一天。
There is a man (who) wants to see you. 有個人想要見你。
5．助動詞的省略
(Does) Anyone want a drink 有誰要喝一杯嗎？
Who (do) you think you are 你以為你是誰？（在特殊疑問句中，當主語是第二人稱時，助動詞do可省略）
I (have) got to go now. 我得走了。
6．不定式符號的省略
I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home. 我希望做完事回家。（當幾個不定式并列時，一般只需在第一個不定式前用to）
What we could do was (to) get away. （主語從句中含有do，那么作表語的動詞不定式往往省略to）
7．介詞的省略
He went (in) that way. 他往那邊去了。
The two boys are (of) the same age. 這兩個男孩年齡一樣大。
I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not. 我拿不定主意這對不對。
You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5. 你在4點到5點之間隨時都可以來見我。
She must have stayed here (for) a long time. 她在這里一定呆了很久了。
8．引導詞there的省略
(There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot. 壺里應該有些咖啡的。
(There) Must be somebody waiting for you. 肯定有人在等你。
B． 句子成分的省略
為了避免重復，或者為了使某一內容顯要注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不變。
1．省略主語
Hope so. 希望如此。（=I hope so.）
Beg your pardon. 請你原諒。（=I beg your pardon.）
Take care! 當心！（=You take care.）
Looks as if it will rain. 看起來像要下雨。（=It looks as if it will rain.）
Serves you right. 你活該！（=It serves you right.）
注意：
祈使句主語通常省略（如Take care! 當心！）。但有時為了明確對方，可加上主語。
You feed the bird today, will you 今天你喂鳥，好嗎？
Somebody answer the phone, please. 請來個人接一下電話。
2．省略謂語
Anything the matter？要緊嗎？（=Is anything the matter）
Who next 該誰了？（=Who comes next）
Just a moment, please. 請等一會兒。（=Just wait a moment, please.）
The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深，冰很薄。（=The river was deep and the ice was thin.）
We'll do the best we can. 我們將盡力而為。（=We'll do the best we can do.）
What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我們得不到的似乎要比我們已經得到的要好。（=What we can't get seems better than what we have got.）
3．省略表語
Are you ready Yes, I am. 你準備好了嗎？ 我準備好了。（am后面省略了表語ready）
He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth. 他還是像年輕時那樣，是一位運動愛好者。（was后面省略了表語a lover of sports）
China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world. 中國過去是，而且現在還是世界上人口最多的國家。 （=China has been the most populous country in the world and still is the most populous country in the world.）
4．省略賓語
We have to analyze and solve problems. 我們必須分析問題解決問題。（analyze后省略了賓語problems）
I struck match after match, but could not light. 我劃了一根又一根火柴，但一根也沒劃著。（light后省略了賓語a match）
Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry. 讓我們洗碗吧，我來洗，你來揩干。（wash和dry后面省略了賓語dishes）
5．省略定語
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 他花了一部分錢，其余的他都存了起來。（the rest后面省略了定語of the money）
6．省略狀語
(Even) The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使最聰明的人也不能無所不知。
Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely. 瑪麗說得粗魯，約翰答得也粗魯。
He was not hurt. (How) Strange! 他沒有受傷，真奇怪！
三、 省略在句子中的運用
在一個句子中，省略可分為依賴上下文省略和不依賴上下文省略兩種。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到，但后者可能找不到。
A． 簡單句中的省略
1．依賴上下文的省略，在對話中最為常用。
Like more beer 再要點啤酒嗎？（=Would you like more beer）
— Would you mind if I used your telephone 用一下你的電話，你介意嗎？
— Not at all. 一點也不。（=I do not mind at all.）
— Will he pass this examination他這次考試會通過嗎？
— Probably. 大概會的。（=He will probably pass the examination.）
2．不依賴于上下文的省略。
All aboard! 請上船。（=All go aboard. 省略謂語）
What exciting news! 多么令人激動的消息啊！(=What exciting news it is! 省略主語+謂語)
Sounds like a good idea. 聽上去是個好主意。(=It sounds like a good idea. 省略主語)
Everybody appears well prepared. 看起來大家都準備好了。（=Everybody appears to be well prepared. 省略不定式to be）
B． 并列句中的省略
并列句中如果前后分句有相同的部分，常常可以省略掉，以避免重復。通常被省略的可以是主語、謂語、謂語動詞、賓語或其它成分，或句子成分的一部分。
1．省略出現在后一分句。
John likes collecting stamps but (John) hates listening to music. 約翰喜歡集郵但不喜歡聽音樂。（省略主語）
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. 有些書是應當嘗嘗滋味的，有些書是應當吞食下去的，有少數書是應當咀嚼和消化的。（省略謂語）
I have been to Beijing and (I have) seen the Great Wall. 我到過北京，見到了萬里長城。（省略主語+助動詞）
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to (see the film). 我請他去看電影，但他不想去。（省略作賓語的不定式）
2．省略出現在前一分句。
We can (win tomorrow's match), and certainly will, win tomorrow's match. 我們能夠，而且一定會在明天的比賽中獲勝。（前一分句省略謂語+賓語）
I wished (to find him), yet feared to find him. 我又想找到他，又怕找到他。
3．前后兩個分句都出現省略。
They can (pay the full fee) and (they) should pay the full fee. 他們能夠也應該支付全部費用。
I'll fly to (Guangzhou), but (I'll) drive back from Guangzhou. 我將飛往廣州，但開車回來。
C．復合句中的省略
在主從復合句中，省略的現象是很普遍的。
1．省略主句的句首部分。
(I'm) Sorry I couldn't go. 很抱歉，我不能去。
(Is there) Nothing more you want to say 你沒什么要補充嗎？
2．省略整個主句或主句的一部分（回答問題時常用）。
(It is a ) Pity he's failed. 很遺憾，他失敗了。
If he says he'll come, he will (come). 如果他說來，他就一定會來。
What (will happen) if it's raining 如果天下雨怎么辦？
— Where is it 那東西在哪里？
—(It is) Where you left it. 就在你放的地方。
— How are you getting on with your English 你的英語學得怎么樣？
— (I'm) Not (getting on) so well as I expected.沒有我預計的那樣好。
— Will you go abroad soon 你很快要出國嗎？
— (I'll) Not (go abroad) until I graduate from the college next summer. 要到明年夏天大學畢業后才走。
3．在一些狀語從句中，如果謂語動詞是be，主語又和主句的主語一致，或者主語是it，常常可以把從句中的主語和be省略掉。
①以when, while, once, until等連詞引導的時間狀語從句
When (you are) in Rome do as Rome does. 入國問禁，入鄉隨俗。
Whenever (it is) possible, you should speak English as much as you can. 在任何可能的時間，你應多講英語。（省略的主語it并不和主句的主語一致）
Please come as soon as (it is) possible. 請盡快來。
注意：
由連詞before和after引導的時間狀語從句，如省略了主語和be之后，before和after就成了介詞。
The old machine must be checked before it is used. 這臺舊機器在使用前必須檢查。
②以as if, as though等連詞引導的方式狀語從句
She lay there, as if (she was) dead. 她躺在那兒，好像死了。（省略的主語和主句的主語一致）
He opened his lips as if (he were going) to say something. 他張開嘴唇，好像要說什么話似的。
③以if, unless等連詞引導的條件狀語從句
We shall start at eight, if (it is) convenient. 如果方便的話，我們八點鐘出發。
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences, if (there are) any. 如果下面句子中有錯，請加以改正。
English words are easily forgotten unless (they are) constantly repeated. 英語單詞不經常重復是很容易忘記的。
④以even if, even though, though, although, whether等連詞引導的讓步狀語從句
Frost is possible, though (it is) not probable, even at the end of May. 甚至在五月底下霜也是可能的，雖然可能性不太大。
Whether (it is) difficult or not, we will try our best to complete the task. 不管任務是否艱巨，我們都要盡力去完成。
Whatever the cause (may be), the result is certain. 不論原因是什么，結果是確定的。
Though (he is) young, he knows a lot. 他雖然年輕但懂得很多。
4．在比較從句中通常把和主句重復的部分省掉。
①省略謂語的全部
James enjoys the theatre more than Susan. 詹姆斯比蘇姆更喜歡戲劇。（Susan后省略了enjoys the theatre）
Tom has as many books as Jack. 湯姆有跟杰克一樣多的書。（Jack后省略了has many books）
②省略主語和謂語的一部分
Brown speaks French as fluently as English. 布朗說法語和英語一樣流利。（as后省略了he speaks）
She was more angry than frightened. 與其說她害怕，倒不如說她生氣。（than后省略了She was）
③省略表語部分
Mrs White is not so young as she looks. 懷特夫人沒有看上去那樣年輕。（looks后省略了young）
The situation is much more delicate than it seems. 情況要比表面上看起來微妙得多。（seems后省略了delicate）
④省略主語和謂語的大部分，保留狀語
He is working harder than before. 他現在工作比過去努力多了。（than后省略了he worked hard）
There are as many students in our school as in their school. 我們學校的學生和他們學校的學生一樣多。（as后省略了there are many students）
⑤省略主語
He drank a little more than was good for him. 他喝酒稍有一點過量。（than后省略了it）
⑥省略賓語
You spent more money than I had expected. 你花掉的錢比我預料的多。（expected后省略了that you should spend）
I was able to borrow as many books as (what) I asked for. 我想要的許多書如數借到。
5．主句和從句中可同時省略一些成分。
The sooner (this is done), the better (it will be). 越快越好。
(If you take) No pains, (you will make) no gains. （諺）不勞則無獲。
C． 使用替代詞的省略
我們在省略句子某些成分時，有時還必須加上適當的替代詞，如do, so, one等，以保持句子意思的完整。
1．do
do用來代替動詞或動詞加其他成分。
I know you better than he does. 我比他更了解你。（he does等于he knows you）
--- Have you finished your work
--- Yes, I did yesterday. （did替代finished my work）
2．so
so在expect, think, imagine, hope, suppose, believe等詞后面，代替單詞、詞組或句子。
She became a loyal friend to me and remains so. 她成了我的一個忠誠的朋友，而且一直如此。（so替代a loyal friend）
--- Has she ever been to London 她曾到過倫敦嗎
--- I don't think so. 我想她沒去過。（=I don't think she has been to
London.)
3．not
not代替否定的句子，用法和so相似。
--- Will it rain tomorrow 明天會下雨嗎
--- I hope not. 我希望不會。（=I hope it won't rain tomorrow.）
--- Can you come next week 你下星期能來嗎
--- I'm afraid not. 恐怕我不能來。(=I'm afraid that I can not come.)
4．the same
the same可代替詞組或從句。
The mother swept the floor and her child did the same. 母親掃地, 孩子也跟著干。（the same代替swept the floor）
Kate ordered two fried eggs. I ordered the same. 凱特點了兩個煎雞蛋，我也點了同樣的菜。（the same代替two fried eggs）
These oranges are just as sour as the last ones we had. They taste the same. 這些桔子和我們上次吃的一樣酸。他們味道一樣。（the same代替as sour as the last ones we had）
動名詞屬于非謂語動詞的一種，它的基本結構和用法在初中階段也是必考點。
1. 動名詞概說
動名詞既具有動詞的性質，又具有名詞的性質，因此叫動名詞。（歸根結底動名詞的詞性是名詞。）
① 動名詞的動詞性質表現在，它可以組成動名詞短語，如：
My job is arranging the agenda for my boss.
我的工作是為老板安排日程。
I finished the project in a month by working overtime.
我靠加班在一個月內做完了這個項目。
② 動名詞的名詞性質表現在，它可以在句中用作主語、賓語等，如：
Studying abroad can be a good experience.
留學是一種很好的經歷。(作主語)
I regret telling her the truth.
我后悔告訴她事實真相了。(作賓語)
2. 動名詞的形式和特征
① 動名詞的主動形式：doing
② 動名詞的被動形式：being done
⑤ 動名詞的復合結構：形容詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格/名詞/賓格人稱代詞+動名詞
在動名詞復合結構中，物主代詞或名詞所有格是動名詞的邏輯主語，這種復合結構多用作主語或賓語，也可用作表語或介詞賓語。當動名詞短語作賓語，放在動詞或介詞后時，名詞所有格或物主代詞分別可用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格代替，如：
She suggested us forgiving him.
她建議我們原諒他。(作賓語)
His not knowing English brought him a lot of inconvenience．
他不懂英語，這給他帶來許多麻煩。(作主語)
Our only worry is George’s overestimating himself.
我們唯一擔心的就是喬治高估了他自己。(作表語)
I strongly object to your delivering the speech.
我強烈反對你發表講話。(作介詞賓語)
3. 動名詞的用法
① 動名詞作主語
Retelling stories is very useful．
復述故事是很有用的。
Her resigning surprises us．
她的辭職讓我們很驚訝。
在一些句子中，常用 it 作形式主語，將動名詞放在句子后面。此類句型有：
1) It is + no use/no good/no fun/a great pleasure/a waste of time等名詞+doing sth.
It is no good crying.
哭沒有好處。
It is no use fixing.
修也沒有用。
It is great fun traveling.
旅行很有趣。
It is a waste of time playing computer games.
玩電腦游戲是浪費時間。
2) It is + useless+doing sth.
It is useless crying.
哭沒有用。
② 動名詞作表語
Seeing is believing.
百聞不如一見。
My idea is making a plan first.
我的想法是先做一個計劃出來。
③ 動名詞作賓語
動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如：
I haven't finished reading today's newspaper．
我還沒讀完今天的報紙。(動名詞reading作動詞finish的賓語)
I'm afraid of going to the dentist．
我害怕去看牙醫。(動名詞going作介詞of的賓語)
④動名詞作定語
I would like to choose a house with a swimming pool.
我想選個帶游泳池的房子。
4. 動名詞與不定式的比較
① 動名詞可以作介詞的賓語，還可被名詞所有格(或物主代詞）修飾；不定式通常不作介詞賓語，更不能被名詞所有格(或物主代詞)修飾。
She is afraid of going to the dentist．(√)
She is afraid of to go to the dentist．(×)
她害怕去看牙醫。
② 固定用法
1）某些動詞后只能加動名詞，常見的此類動詞有：admit，avoid，consider，delay，deny，enjoy，escape，finish，include，keep，miss，stop，suggest，give up 等，如：
I enjoy dancing．(√)
l enjoy to dance．(×)
我喜歡跳舞。
2）某些動詞后只能加不定式，常見的此類動詞有：agree，ask，claim，choose，decide，demand，determine，expect，fail，hope，manage，offer，promise，quit，refuse，resolve，wish 等，如：
l decide to quit smoking．(√)
l decide quitting smoking．(X)
我決定戒煙。
3）某些動詞后面既可加動名詞也可加不定式，常她的此類動詞有：attempt，begin，continue，deserve，fear，forget，help，intend，learn，like，love，mean，need，prefer，regret，remember，start，try等，如：
She cannot help crying．她不禁哭了起來。
She cannot help to cook．她不能幫忙做飯。
5. 動名詞固定搭配
1. consider doing sth. 考慮做某事
I consider waiting a bit longer before I give up.
2. practice doing sth. 練習做某事
practice doing this type of breathing several times per day.
3. imagine doing sth. 想象做某事
I can't imagine marrying such a woman.
4. finish doing sth. 完成做某事
Let's finish doing the work together.
5. give up doing sth. 放棄做某事
My father has given up smoking.
6. enjoy doing sth. 喜歡做某事
I enjoy playing basketball.
7. keep doing sth. 一直做某事
I kept studying English for 1 hour yesterday evening.
8. put off doing sth. 推遲做某事
Sometimes students put off doing their homework until the last minute.
9. admit doing sth. 承認做某事
He admitted making the mistake.
10. suggest doing sth. 建議做某事
I suggest traveling abroad next month.
11. risk doing sth. 冒險做某事
To win the gamble,he risked losing 100 dollars.
12. advise doing sth. 建議做某事
He advises going to see a movie.
13. allow doing sth. 允許做某事
We don't allow smoking in the classroom.
14. avoid doing sth. 避免做某事
Try to avoid drinking and smoking.
15. appreciate doing sth. 感謝做某事
We shall appreciate hearing from you again.
16. delay doing sth. 拖延做某事
Why have you delayed writing to him
17. deny doing sth. 否認做某事
John denied signing the contract.
18. escape doing sth. 逃脫做某事
He escaped being killed.
19. dislike doing sth. 不喜歡做某事
He dislikes dancing in public.
20. discuss doing sth. 討論做某事
I like to discuss doing sports with my friends.
21. excuse doing sth. 原諒做某事
He can't excuse coming late for work.
22. fancy doing sth. 想象/喜愛做某事
Are you fancy buying some food with me?
23. mind doing sth. 介意做某事
Would you mind opening window?
24. mention doing sth. 提及做某事
He mentioned watching TV.
25. forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事
They forbid parking here.
26. miss doing sth. 錯過做某事
The thief missed being caught yesterday.
27. prohibit doing sth. 禁止/阻止做某事
The new rules prohibit smoking.
28. permit doing sth. 允許做某事
We do not permit smoking in the office.